Male group members are costly to plurally breeding Octodon degus females.

We report the results of a 6-year study of social (number of adult males/females, relatedness of females, communal litter size) and ecological (mean/CV of food abundance, soil hardness, burrow openings) factors influencing the direct fitness of plurally breeding degu (Octodon degus) females. The best fit models for per capita offspring weaned and standardized variance in direct fitness (within-group variation) included the number of adult males per group. Per capita number of offspring weaned decreased and standardized variance in direct fitness increased with increasing number of adult males per group. Thus, females experience a cost associated with males that is not shared equally. Standardize variance in direct fitness decreased with increasing communal litter size. All other factors were not significant predictors of direct fitness variation. Our study suggests that plural breeding may not be as egalitarian as previously thought. Consequences of plural breeding may be influenced by intra- and inter-sexual conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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